Asset Classes
At year-end 2011, long-term3 assets under management totaled $3.138 trillion, or 89% of total AUM, with 50% in equity, 40% in fixed income, 7% in multi-asset class and 3% in alternatives. The remaining $374.7 billion of AUM represented cash management and long-term liquidation advisory mandates. In 2011, we generated $67.3 billion of net new business in long-term products before $28.3 billion of BGI merger-related outflows. Net inflows in long-term products were partially offset by $22.9 billion of net outflows in cash management, largely reflecting institutional reaction to the continued low-rate environment and $29.9 billion of planned net distributions from advisory portfolios.
Equity and Fixed Income
Total equity and fixed income AUM reflects the diversity of our model and includes a wide range of both active and passive strategies (including our institutional index and iShares products). Year-end 2011 equity AUM of $1.560 trillion decreased $134.4 billion, or 8%, from the end of 2010, largely reflecting the effect of lower market valuations. Net new business of $24.1 billion was more than offset by $130.9 billion of market valuation and foreign exchange losses. Passive strategies represented 82% of equity AUM with the remaining 18% managed in active mandates. Fixed income AUM ended 2011 at $1.248 trillion, rising $106.4 billion, or 9%, relative to December 31, 2010, reflecting $4.3 billion of net new business and $102.6 billion of market valuation and foreign exchange gains. Fixed income AUM was almost evenly split between passive and active mandates with 51% and 49%, respectively. BGI merger-related outflows totaled $27.6 billion in equities and $0.5 billion in fixed income, primarily reflecting the effect of manager concentration considerations combined with outflows in scientific active equities ("SAE") due to past performance.
Investment advisory and administration fees for the majority of our investment products are calculated using daily or monthly average AUM. During periods of significant market volatility, quarterly average AUM may differ from actual average AUM used for billing purposes. For example, for the fourth quarter of 2011, equity market volatility caused the quarterly and monthly averages to differ by more than 2% for equities. Specifically, quarterly average AUM for active, index and iShares equities was $271 billion, $828 billion and $402 billion, while monthly average AUM was $280 billion, $851 billion and $415 billion, respectively.
In addition, BlackRock's effective fee rates fluctuate due to changes in AUM mix. Approximately 50% of BlackRock's equity AUM is tied to international markets, including emerging markets, which tend to have higher fee rates than similar U.S. equity strategies. Accordingly, fluctuations in international equity markets, which do not consistently move in tandem with U.S. markets, may have a greater impact on BlackRock's effective equity fee rates and revenues.
Multi-Asset Class
Multi-asset class AUM totaled $225.2 billion at year-end 2011, up 21%, or $39.6 billion. During the year, we were awarded $42.7 billion of net new business, while portfolio values declined by $3.1 billion. BlackRock's multi-asset class team manages a variety of bespoke mandates for a diversified client base that leverage our broad investment expertise in global equities, currencies, bonds and commodities, and our extensive risk management capabilities. Investment solutions might include a combination of long-only portfolios and alternative investments as well as tactical asset allocation overlays.
At December 31, 2011, institutional investors represented 63% of multi-asset class AUM, while retail and high net worth investors accounted for 37%. At year-end 2011, 55% of multi-asset class AUM was managed for clients based in the Americas, 38% in EMEA and 7% in Asia-Pacific. Flows reflected ongoing institutional demand for our advice in an increasingly challenging investment environment with $35.7 billion, or 84%, of net new inflows from institutional clients and $6.7 billion, or 16%, from retail investors. During the year, clients in the Americas and EMEA awarded BlackRock net new business of $44.2 billion, which was partially offset by net outflows of $1.5 billion from clients in Asia-Pacific.
Asset allocation and balanced products represented 56%, or $126.1 billion, of multi-asset class AUM at year-end, up $11.0 billion as strong net new business of $17.0 billion was partially offset by market valuation losses of $6.0 billion. These strategies combine equity, fixed income and alternative components for institutional investors seeking a tailored solution relative to a specific benchmark and within a risk budget. In certain cases, these strategies seek to minimize downside risk through diversification, derivatives strategies and tactical asset allocation decisions. Our industry-leading global allocation funds garnered more than $7.5 billion in net inflows for the year, finishing 2011 with more than $70 billion in AUM.
Fiduciary management services accounted for 22%, or $50.0 billion, of multi-asset class AUM at December 31, 2011 and increased $21.5 billion, or 75%, during the year, driven by net inflows of $18.4 billion. These are complex mandates in which pension plan sponsors retain BlackRock to assume responsibility for some or all aspects of plan management. These customized services require strong partnership with the client's investment staff and trustees in order to tailor investment strategies to meet client-specific risk budgets and return objectives.
Target-date and target-risk funds ended the year at $49.1 billion, representing 22% of total multi-asset class AUM, an increase of 17% from year-end 2010. The increase was driven by net inflows of $7.3 billion, a year-over-year organic growth rate of 18%. These products include our LifePath® and LifePath Retirement Income® offerings, which are qualified default investment options under the Pension Protection Act of 2006. These products utilize a proprietary asset allocation model that seeks to balance risk and return over an investment horizon based on the investor's expected retirement timing.
Market volatility, particularly in the latter half of 2011, presented challenges for asset allocation strategies. Our multi-asset class performance has been mixed, with 65% of AUM above benchmark or peer medians for the one-year period, while 26% of AUM performed above benchmark or peer medians for the three-year time period and 91% of AUM outperformed benchmark or peer medians for the five years ended December 31, 2011.