redemption of our Signature investment in 2006 and other joint ventures in 2006 and 2007. Of the expected position reduction of approximately 1,200, 1,015 have been eliminated as of November 2007.
     Joint Venture Transactions – Previously, we participated in two separate joint ventures with the same joint venture partner, Hero A.G. We owned 50% of Signature and 51% of Dessert Products International, S.A.S. (DPI). Signature is a cake decorating business in the U.S. and DPI markets the Vahine® brand of dessert aids in France and other European countries.
     In 2006, we received the remaining 49% share of DPI in redemption of our 50% ownership investment in Signature. In addition, we received $9.2 million in cash with this transaction.
     In recording this transaction, we valued both the investment received and the investment given at their fair value. On the disposition of our Signature investment, the fair value of our investment was $56.0 million as compared to our book value of this unconsolidated subsidiary of $21.7 million. After consideration of transaction costs of $0.6 million and taxes of $7.2 million, we recorded a net after-tax gain of $26.5 million which is shown on the line entitled “(Loss) gain on sale of unconsolidated operations” in our income statement. On the acquisition of the 49% minority interest of DPI, the fair value of these shares was assessed at $46.9 million. Since this business was consolidated, the book value of this 49% share was shown as $29.9 million of minority interest on our balance sheet. After consideration of transaction costs of $0.7 million, we allocated $17.7 million to goodwill. The impact of increasing our share in DPI and disposing of Signature on future net income is not material.
     In 2006, in connection with exiting an unconsolidated joint venture in Japan, we recorded a net gain of $0.3 million, after-tax. Finalization of these unconsolidated joint venture transactions resulted in a loss of $0.8 million, after-tax, in 2007.
     These actions are part of our plan to simplify our joint venture structure under the restructuring program and focus on those areas we believe have strong growth potential.
     Other Restructuring Costs – In 2007, we recorded restructuring charges of $34.0 million ($23.6 million after-tax), of which $30.7 million is reflected in restructuring charges and $3.3 million is reflected in cost of goods sold in our income statement. We recorded $14.9 million of severance costs, primarily associated

with the reduction of administrative personnel in the U.S. and Europe. In addition, we recorded $16.7 million of other exit costs resulting from the closure of manufacturing facilities in Salinas, California and Hunt Valley, Maryland and the consolidation of production facilities in Europe. The remaining $2.4 million of asset write-downs is comprised of inventory write-offs as a result of the closure of the manufacturing facilities in Salinas, California and Hunt Valley, Maryland and accelerated depreciation of assets, mostly offset by the asset gain from the sale of our manufacturing facility in Paisley, Scotland.
     In 2006, we recorded restructuring charges, exclusive of the gain on Signature, of $84.1 million ($57.1 million after-tax), of which $72.4 million is reflected in restructuring charges and $11.7 million is reflected in cost of goods sold in our income statement. We recorded $54.9 million of severance costs and special early retirement benefits associated with our voluntary separation program in several functions in the U.S.; closures of manufacturing facilities in Salinas, California; Hunt Valley, Maryland; Sydney, Australia; Paisley, Scotland; and Kerava, Finland; and reorganization of administrative functions in Europe. In addition, we recorded $15.7 million of other exit costs associated with the consolidation of production facilities and the reorganization of the sales and distribution networks in the U.S. and Europe and contract termination costs associated with customers and distributors in connection with the closure of the business in Finland. The $13.5 million of restructuring charges for asset write-downs is primarily accelerated depreciation related to the closure of manufacturing facilities in Salinas, California and Hunt Valley, Maryland, the closure of the plants in Paisley, Scotland and Kerava, Finland and inventory write-offs as a result of the plant closings. These expenses were partially offset by net gains on the disposition of assets.
     In 2005, we recorded $10.7 million ($7.2 million after-tax) of charges as a result of actions taken under the restructuring plan. These charges included certain severance costs associated with the closing of our consumer manufacturing plant in Salinas, California, closing costs for a small plant in Belgium and costs associated with the reorganization of the sales and distribution networks in the U.S. and Europe.