 |
|
 |
In the normal course of our options business, we maintain inventories
of options, futures and equities. Our main exposure is from equity
price and volatility risk. We manage these exposures by constantly
monitoring and diversifying our exposures and position sizes and establishing
offsetting hedges. Our market-making staff and trading room managers
continuously manage our positions and our risk exposures. Our systems
incorporate trades and update our risk profile using options pricing
models on a real-time basis.
Our proprietary options risk management system allows us to stress
test our portfolio on a real-time basis. On a timely basis, risk reports
are distributed to senior management and the firm’s risk managers
who incorporate this information in our market-making decisions. These
reports identify potential exposures with respect to options and futures
on individual securities and index contracts, organized in different
ways such as industry sectors, under extreme price and volatility
movements. At December 31, 2002, 10% movements in volatility and stock
prices on our entire equity options and equity index options portfolios,
which contain the majority of our market risk, would have resulted
in approximately the following gains (losses) in our options market-making
portfolio: |
| |
 |
| |
This stress analysis covers positions in options and futures, underlying
securities and related hedges.The 10% changes in stock prices and
volatility in the charts above make the assumption of a universal
10% movement in all of our underlying positions.The analysis also
includes a number of estimates that we believe to be reasonable; however,
we cannot assure that they will produce an accurate measure of future
risk.
As of December 31, 2002, we had $153.8 million invested in the Deephaven
Fund, which is managed by Deephaven. The general objective of “market
neutral” strategies is to capture mispricings or spreads between
related capital instruments.The Deephaven Fund uses the following
strategies: domestic convertible trading, international convertible
trading, statistical arbitrage trading, risk arbitrage trading, volatility
trading and investing in private placement transactions in public
companies. Because the basis of the Deephaven Fund’s strategy
is capturing mispricings or spreads between related instruments, rather
than attempting to predict or follow absolute price movements, the
performance of the Deephaven Fund is expected to be substantially
non-correlated with the general debt and equity markets, as well as
with a number of other non-traditional investment strategies. However,
there will be unhedged credit risk in the convertible portfolio and
that part of the portfolio will have some correlation to credit spreads.
“Market neutral” trading involves substantial risks. Disruptions
in historical pricing relationships (as occurred during the period
of August – October 1998) can result in significant losses.
In addition, market neutral strategies are subject to the risk of
a tightening of dealer credit, forcing premature liquidation of positions.The
Deephaven Fund also utilizes leverage, to the extent available and
deemed by Deephaven to be consistent with Fund’s risk/reward
objectives, in an attempt to increase returns while maintaining strict
risk controls.
Similar to our Equity Markets segment, the Deephaven Fund employs
automated proprietary trading and position management systems that
provide online position management and inventory control. We monitor
our risks by reviewing trading positions and their appropriate risk
measures. We have established a system whereby transactions are monitored
by senior management, as are individual and aggregate dollar and inventory
position totals and profits and losses by strategy. The management
of trading positions is enhanced by review of mark-to-market valuations
and position summaries on a daily basis.There can be no assurances
that the Deephaven Fund’s strategy will be successful in achieving
either its risk control or its profit objectives.
For working capital purposes, we invest in money market funds, commercial
paper, government securities or maintain interest-bearing balances
in our trading accounts with clearing brokers, which are classified
as cash and cash equivalents and receivable from clearing brokers,
respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
These other amounts do not have maturity dates or present a material
market risk, as the balances are short-term in nature and subject
to daily repricing. Our cash and cash equivalents held in foreign
currencies are subject to the exposure of foreign currency fluctuations.These
balances are monitored daily, and are not material to the Company’s
overall cash position. |
| |
|
|