Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2001 2000 1999
Operating Activities                         
Net income (loss) $ 61,134 $ (2,854 ) $ 45,836
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss)
 to net cash provided by operating activities:
  Provision for bad debt expense 701 373 2,079
  Depreciation and amortization 19,825 15,175 12,238
  Deferred income taxes (961 ) (7,792 ) 1,273
  Non-controlling interest in subsidiary 56
  Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 50,576 678
  Changes in operating assets and liabilities (net of acquisitions):
    Service fees receivable (23,961 ) (13,549 ) (27,491 )
    Supplies inventory (1,537 ) 889 (2,305 )
    Prepaid expenses and other (3,202 ) (2,309 ) (1,342 )
    Amounts payable to affiliated practices 2,622 (4,404 ) (3,036 )
    Accounts payable and other current liabilities (10,881 ) 7,368 (6,276 )
Net cash provided by operating activities 43,796 43,473 21,654
 
Investing Activities
Purchases of property, equipment and improvements (22,077 ) (20,271 ) (22,520 )
(Sales of) proceeds from available-for-sale investments 999 (16 ) 204
Intangible assets acquired (16,471 ) (28,246 ) (17,178 )
(Advances to) payments from affiliated practices (7,924 ) (3,829 ) (3,581 )
Net cash used in investing activities (45,473 ) (52,362 ) (43,075 )
 
Financing Activities
Repayment of notes payable to affiliated practices (1,035 ) (500 ) (6,742 )
Repayment of long-term debt (26,911 ) (6,030 )
Proceeds from long-term debt 26,159 7,483 30,577
Repayment of loans from key employee program 1,116 2,632
Issuance of common stock 14,821 4,299 1,807
Net cash provided by financing activities 14,150 7,884 25,642
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (2,991 ) (127 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 9,482 (1,132 ) 4,221
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 4,690 5,822 1,601
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 14,172 $ 4,690 $ 5,822
 
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid during the year for:
  Interest $ 6,012 $ 4,271 $ 2,499
  Income taxes $ 38,623 $ 31,568 $ 33,931
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
  Notes payable and common stock issued to obtain service agreements $ 29,083 $ 5,974 $ 4,512
  Acquisition of OrthAlliance:
    Fair value of assets acquired $ 152,085 N/A N/A
    Liabilities assumed 119,805 N/A N/A
    Net assets acquired $ 32,280 N/A N/A
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.